Since January 23, 2025, the March 23 Movement (M23) rebel group has intensified its offensive in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), further deepening one of Africa’s most protracted conflicts. In just weeks, intense fighting has led to the fall of Goma and Bukavu, two strategic cities that serve as vital economic and logistic hubs for the region of Kivu. This area is one of the world’s most resource-rich, holding vast reserves of coltan, gold, and other critical minerals essential to global supply chains.  These resources have long made the region a magnet for violence as a wide range of state and non-state actors —both local and foreign— seek to control it. Among these actors, Rwanda has frequently faced accusations of backing M23 to pursue its strategic interests. But why would Rwanda be so deeply involved in eastern DRC?

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