Europe is characterized by a markedly unequal distribution of wealth. According to the most recent wave of the Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS) conducted by the European Central Bank, the richest ten per cent of Europeans own approximately two-thirds of total net wealth, while the bottom half holds barely more than one per cent (Eurofound, 2025). At the same time, the continent is ageing rapidly, with the share of the population aged 65 and over expected to rise substantially in the coming decades, placing increasing pressure on pension systems and reshaping demographic structures across Member States (Eurostat, 2023)
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