Europe is in the grip of a nuclear moment. As France initiates discussion of extended deterrence with multiple European partners, the debate has revived around the so-called ‘euronukes’ – the full spectrum of nuclear solutions under consideration, ranging from French extended deterrence to a collective EU arsenal, or even independent sub-regional capabilities (Egeland & Pelopidas, 2021). The conversation is urgent, and the political logic driving it is coherent: a revisionist Russia, an unreliable American patron, and a new war in Europe all make the case for nuclear autonomy.
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