In the last two years, with the release of the 2022 Strategic Compass following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, the European Union has taken a more proactive stance in its security and defence. This has been reflected in increased defence expenditures, research initiatives, joint defence production and procurement, and measures like the European Defence Industrial Strategy (EDIS). However, the strong reliance of its defence industry on imports of strategic raw materials (SRMs) challenges the EU’s efforts, especially since the main external suppliers, China and Russia, are considered unreliable actors.
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